Traditional trader routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are crit-ical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets.Research on these trade routes can contribute significantly to facilitating the construction of the South Asian Corridor and enhancing trans-Himalayan connectivity.Combining historical literature,field surveys,and geographic information system(GIS)techniques,this study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution process of the routes,focusing on transverse valleys of the Himalayan arc.The key findings were as follows.First,there are 21 traditional trade routes traversing the Himalayan region:six Sino-Nepalese routes,four Sino-Bhutanese routes,and eleven Sino-Indian routes.Second,the evolution of traditional trade routes has entailed five distinct phases:an incipient period(pre-7th century),formation(7th century-842 AD),de-velopment(842-1959),decline(1959-1962)and recovery(1962-present).Third,the incipi-ent and formative developmental phases were prompted by the spread of Buddhism and the exchange of goods.The stability of local governments in Tibet and Central China and fa-vourable border trade policies along with Britain's colonial expansion and commercial inter-ests stimulated further development of traditional trade routes.However,India's strategic miscalculation and"Forward Policy"instigated the decline phase,while the demands of re-gional cooperation and development are currently the key drivers of the restoration and con-struction phase.Finally,to shelve disputes,promote cooperation and development,and en-hance political mutual trust,governments should recover and construct traditional trade routes by replanning and constructing border trade markets,expanding border trade,devel-oping pilgrimage and tourism,and strengthening cross-border cooperative research under global climate change.

WU Shihai;YAN Jianzhong;ZHANG Yili;PENG Ting;SU Kangchuan

College of Resources and Environment,Southwest University,Chongqing 400716,China;Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Re-sources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China;College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;College of Geographical Science,Southwest University,Chongqing 400716,China

地理学报（英文版）

[1]WU Shihai;YAN Jianzhong;ZHANG Yili;PENG Ting;SU Kangchuan-.Evolutionary process and development implications of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region)[J].地理学报（英文版）,2022(09):1847-1865

trader,Nepalese,Bhutanese,incipi,Buddhism,vourable,miscalculation,shelve,replanning

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